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在本文中利用严格耦合波法模拟计算等腰三角形亚波长光栅。严格耦合波法是一种直接有效的电磁场理论,它在光栅区域严格地求解麦克斯韦方程,将麦克斯韦方程的求解问题化为一个求解特征函数的问题,得到由特征函数耦合起来的光栅区域电磁场表达式,然后在光栅区域与其它区域交界面上求解边界条件,得到最终衍射效率的值[16]。利用严格耦合波法计算发现:当h在0.54μm~0.57μm之间时,等腰三角形亚波长光栅具有宽反射带宽(反射率大于90%),但是当h继续往上增加,h在0.58μm~0.66μm之间时,等腰三角形亚波长光栅将具有导模共振特性,具体如图 2所示。此时P=0.85μm,θi=0°,方位角为0°。入射光为TM偏振(下同)。
从图 2a中可以知道,虽然h在0.54μm~0.57μm之间可以保持宽反射带宽,但是不同的h对应的反射带宽不同。当h=0.54μm时,反射带宽可达0.7μm,但是当h增加到0.57μm后,反射带宽就降到0.66μm。图 2b中,不同的h值对应的共振峰波长均为2.3426μm。之所以等腰三角形亚波长光栅随着h变化会从具有宽反射带宽的反射器转变为具有导模共振特征的滤波器,这是因为随着h的增加,外部入射光与波导层的泄露模耦合会引起光波能量的重新分布[17-18]。
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当h分别为0.57μm(宽反射带宽)和0.58μm(导模共振)时, 分析了P对等腰三角形亚波长光栅的影响,如图 3所示。此时θi=0°,方位角为0°。h=0.57μm时光栅周期对三角形亚波长光栅反射率的影响如图 3a所示,从图中可以发现当P在0.85μm~0.90μm之内,三角形亚波长光栅大概在波长1.5μm~2.2μm之间可以保持90%以上的反射率,故此可以保持较宽的反射带宽,但是当P>0.9μm后, 在波长1.5μm~2.2μm之间的高反射率就会中断。
Figure 3. Effect of period on the reflectivity of an isosceles triangular subwavelength grating at h=0.57μm and h=0.58μm
h=0.58μm时, 光栅周期对三角形亚波长光栅反射率的影响如图 3b所示。可以发现,随着P的增加,等腰三角亚波长光栅的共振峰波长(对应高反射率点)也会红移,这是因为周期增大会使波导层支持的波导模增加,从而实现共振波长的红移。波导模β与周期的关系如下式所示:
$ \beta = {k_0}(\sin {\theta _{\rm{i}}} - {\rm{i}}\lambda /P) $
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光入射角对于光栅的影响是不可忽略的,为此本文中分析了光入射角对光栅反射率的影响。图 4是当h分别为0.57μm(宽反射带宽)和0.58μm(导模共振)时,光入射角对等腰三角形亚波长光栅反射率的影响,此时P=0.85μm。对于h=0.57μm的等腰三角形亚波长光栅,其高反射带宽对入射角较为敏感,当角度超过2.14°后,其在波长1.5μm~2.2μm之间的高反射率就无法保持,如图 4a所示,因此如若为了保证具有高反射率带宽,需对光入射角进行控制。通过图 4b可以知道,当h=0.58μm时,光入射角仅能改变等腰三角形亚波长光栅共振峰波长,光入射角从0°增加到80°的过程中(方位角也从0°增加到80°),共振峰波长会从2.3426μm红移到2.8μm,具体见图 4b。
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为了探究等腰三角形亚波长光栅高反射的内在机制,本文中计算了两种光栅厚度时等腰三角形亚波长光栅内在磁场分布,具体如图 5所示(x, z分别是光栅的宽度和高度)。图 5a中对于h=0.57μm的等腰三角形亚波长光栅,其计算磁场时入射波长为1.6μm,而图 5b中对于h=0.58μm的等腰三角形亚波长光栅,其计算磁场时入射波长为2.3426μm,其中P=0.85μm,θi=0°,方位角为0°。
图 5a是h=0.57μm时等腰三角形亚波长光栅的磁场分布。从图中可以看到, 磁场能量大部分都聚集在Si波导层和等腰三角形亚波长光栅内部,即磁场能量大部分被光栅反射到三角光栅和波导层内部,在透射面仅存少量能量。同样对于h=0.58μm的等腰三角形亚波长光栅,其大部分磁场能量也是被限制在三角形光栅和波导层内部。通过对比图 5a和图 5b可以发现,等腰三角形亚波长光栅实现宽反射带宽和实现导模共振时其内部磁场分布具有明显的差异。
1维高反射等腰三角形亚波长光栅的研究
The research of 1-D high reflective isosceles triangular subwavelength grating
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摘要: 为了能够更深入地理解等腰三角形亚波长光栅,采用严格耦合波法对其进行了理论分析和研究,得到了等腰三角形亚波长光栅数值模拟结果。分析了光栅周期、光入射角对等腰三角形亚波长光栅特性的影响,并从内在磁场分布角度解释了等腰三角形亚波长光栅所表现出的高反射特性。结果表明,不同光栅厚度的等腰三角形亚波长光栅会表现出不同的特性,当光栅厚度在0.54μm~0.57μm之间,等腰三角形亚波长光栅具有宽反射的反射带宽,而当光栅厚度在0.58μm~0.66μm之间,又会表现出导模共振特性。该研究能够为将来制备高性能等腰三角形亚波长光栅提供理论指导。Abstract: In order to understand the isosceles triangular subwavelength grating more deeply, the rigorous coupled-wave method was used forin-depth theoretical analysis and research, and the numerical simulation results of isosceles triangular subwavelength grating were obtained. The influence of grating period and incident angle on the characteristics of isosceles triangle subwavelength grating was analyzed, and the high reflection characteristic of isosceles triangle subwavelength grating was explained from the internal magnetic field distribution. The results show that isosceles triangular subwavelength gratings with different grating thicknesses exhibit different characteristics. When the grating thickness is between 0.54μm and 0.57μm, isosceles triangular subwavelength gratings have wide reflection bandwidth, while when the grating thickness is between 0.58μm and 0.66μm, guided mode resonance could be observed. The research can provide theoretical guidance for the preparation of high performance isosceles triangular subwavelength gratings in the future.
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Key words:
- graings /
- isosceles triangular /
- rigorous coupled-wave method /
- high reflection /
- guided mode resonance
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